The seed system in customs risk management: experience of the western balkans and prospects for Ukraine

Abstract

Purpose. This article aims to analyze the experience of implementing and operating the SEED system in the Western Balkan countries as a tool for customs risk management, to assess its impact on the efficiency of customs control, regional cooperation, and international trade, and to explore the possibilities and prospects of applying a similar system in Ukraine. Methods. This article uses comparative analysis to examine the experience of the Western Balkan countries in implementing the SEED system, particularly its impact on customs control efficiency and regional integration. A case study method is used to analyze examples from Serbia, Kosovo, and other countries, highlighting the technical, political, and organizational dimensions of SEED’s operation. Expert assessment methods and data from international organizations (EU, CEFTA) are employed to evaluate SEED’s effectiveness in combating smuggling and simplifying customs procedures. The historical method is also used to trace the system’s evolution from initial pilot projects to the current SEED+ version. Results. The article explores the implementation of SEED in the Western Balkans as a tool for customs risk management. It analyzes the platform’s role in enhancing the efficiency of customs operations, facilitating foreign trade, and promoting regional integration. Special attention is given to the role of electronic data exchange in fostering international trade and ensuring border security. Case examples from Serbia, Kosovo, and other countries demonstrate how SEED contributes to process automation, reduced border delays, and improved intergovernmental cooperation. The stages of SEED development, starting from pilot testing and continuing to expand into SEED+, as well as the prospects for its integration with EU customs platforms, are considered. The paper also discusses the technological, institutional, and political challenges faced during implementation. The potential for adapting SEED in Ukraine is assessed in the context of the country’s EU integration goals. Conclusions. The experience of the Western Balkans shows that the SEED system is an effective instrument for customs risk management and cross-border data exchange. It supports faster customs clearance, reduces violations, and builds trust between customs authorities. SEED plays a vital role in regional customs cooperation, trade facilitation, and securing cross-border trade in crisis conditions. The findings underline the relevance of studying and adapting this experience for Ukraine’s customs reform agenda.